Ear Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Therapies

While there are different types of ear cancer, we explore the early signs & symptoms, severity and treatments.

Ear cancer, although relatively uncommon, can have severe consequences for those affected. Understanding this condition is crucial for early detection and effective treatment. In this comprehensive article, we will explore the rarity of ear cancer, its symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and consequences, shedding light on critical aspects of this ailment.

In this Article 

• What is Ear Cancer Called?
• Is Ear Cancer Rare or Common?
• At What Age is Ear Cancer Common?
• Six Common Symptoms of Ear Cancer
• How is Ear Cancer Diagnosed?
• How is Ear Cancer Treated?
• Are There Consequences from Ear Cancer Treatment?
• Can You Survive Ear Cancer?
• Are Ear Polyps Cancerous?
• Can Ear Cancer Spread to the Brain?
• Ear Cancer Risk Factors
• Summary

What is Ear Cancer Called?

Ear cancer primarily affects the outer ear, where it typically begins in the skin cells. The medical term for ear cancer is "auricular carcinoma" or "external ear carcinoma." This cancer usually occurs in the form of squamous cell carcinoma, which arises from the flat cells lining the outer ear canal and the auricle (the visible part of the ear) ³.

 Is Ear Cancer Rare or Common?

Ear cancer is a rare type of cancer. In the broader context of cancer prevalence, ear cancer accounts for a small percentage of cases. It is essential to emphasize, however, that its rarity does not diminish the significance of timely detection and treatment¹.

At What Age is Ear Cancer Common?

While ear cancer can affect people of any age, it is more commonly diagnosed in older adults, typically in their 60s and 70s. However, individuals of all ages should be aware of the symptoms and risk factors associated with ear cancer.

Six Common Symptoms of Ear Cancer

Recognizing the symptoms of ear cancer is vital for early diagnosis. While the signs can vary, common symptoms¹ include:

1. Persistent Ear Pain: Unexplained ear pain that persists without resolution should raise concerns.
2. Ear Bleeding or Discharge: Blood-tinged or pus-like discharge from the ear may indicate a problem.
3. Hearing Loss: A gradual loss of hearing, particularly in one ear, can be a symptom.
4. Ear Lumps or Sores: The development of lumps, ulcers, or sores on the outer ear or ear canal can be concerning.
5. Tinnitus: Persistent ringing or noise in the ear may be associated with ear cancer.
6. Swelling: Unexplained swelling or enlargement of the ear, especially if it doesn't resolve, should be examined.

NOTE:

It is crucial to note that these symptoms can mimic other, less severe conditions, so a proper medical evaluation is necessary to determine the cause.

How is Ear Cancer Diagnosed?

The diagnosis of ear cancer involves several steps, starting with a thorough medical history and physical examination by an ear, nose, and throat specialist (ENT), also known as an otolaryngologist. Diagnostic procedures may include¹:

• Biopsy: A tissue sample is taken from the suspicious area for laboratory examination to confirm the presence of cancer cells.
• Imaging Tests: CT scans, MRI scans, or PET scans may be performed to determine the extent of cancer and whether it has spread to nearby structures or lymph nodes.
• Endoscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) may be used to examine the ear canal and surrounding structures in detail.
• Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA): In some cases, a fine needle may be used to collect cells from a lump or swollen lymph node for analysis.

The treatment for ear cancer depends on various factors, including the stage of cancer, its location, and the patient's overall health. Common treatment modalities might include one or more of the following²:

• Surgery: Surgical removal of cancerous tissue is a standard treatment. Depending on the extent of the tumor, this may involve removing a portion of the ear, lymph nodes, or nearby structures.
• Radiation Therapy: High-energy X-rays or other forms of radiation are used to kill cancer cells or prevent their growth. Radiation therapy may be used alone or in combination with surgery.
• Chemotherapy: Systemic chemotherapy may be recommended for advanced cases or when cancer has spread to distant parts of the body.
• Targeted Therapy: Certain medications target specific molecules involved in cancer growth and may be used in some cases.

Are There Consequences from Ear Cancer Treatment?

Side effects of ear cancer treatment can vary:

Can You Survive Ear Cancer?

The prognosis for ear cancer varies depending on the stage at which it is diagnosed and the effectiveness of the treatment. Early detection and prompt treatment increase the chances of a favorable outcome. Some individuals with early-stage ear cancer may achieve long-term remission or cure, while others may require ongoing treatment and monitoring. Regular follow-up appointments with healthcare providers are essential to monitor for any recurrence or complications.

Are Ear Polyps Cancerous?

Ear polyps are growths that can occur in the ear canal, and while they are often non-cancerous (benign), they should not be ignored. Some ear polyps can be associated with ear cancer or be a precursor to it. Therefore, any suspicious growth or polyp in the ear should be examined by a healthcare professional to rule out cancer.

Can Ear Cancer Spread to the Brain?

Ear cancer can potentially spread to nearby structures, including the brain, through a process called metastasis. However, the risk of ear cancer spreading to the brain is relatively low, especially if the cancer is diagnosed and treated in its early stages. Regular monitoring and follow-up care are crucial to detect and address any signs of metastasis promptly⁵.

Ear Cancer Risk Factors

Several factors may increase the risk of developing ear cancer:

• Sun Exposure: Prolonged exposure to the sun without protection can increase the risk of skin cancer, including ear cancer, especially in individuals with fair, or lighter, skin.
• Smoking: Tobacco use is a significant risk factor for various cancers, including ear cancer.
• Chronic Ear Infections: Recurrent or chronic ear infections may contribute to the development of ear cancer⁶.
• Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Some studies suggest a link between certain strains of HPV and the development of ear cancer⁴.
• Previous Radiation Therapy: Individuals who have received radiation therapy to the head and neck region for other medical conditions may be at an increased risk of ear cancer.

Summary

Ear cancer may be rare, but it is a condition that demands attention due to its potential consequences. Early detection, accurate diagnosis, and timely treatment are critical for improving the prognosis and quality of life for individuals affected by ear cancer. Regular check-ups and awareness of risk factors can play a pivotal role in early intervention. While managing ear cancer can be challenging, advances in medical technology and treatment options offer hope for a brighter future for those facing this rare but serious threat.

References

¹ Cleveland Clinic (2021). Ear Tumors https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17587-ear-tumors 

² National Cancer Institute. (2023). Skin Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/patient/skin-treatment-pdq 

³ American Society of Clinical Oncology. (2020). Skin Cancer (Non-Melanoma): Types of Treatment  https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/skin-cancer-non-melanoma/types-treatment 

⁴ World Health Organization. (2023) New evidence on cervical cancer screening and treatment for women living with HIV   https://www.who.int/news/item/12-12-2023-new-evidence-on-cervical-cancer-screening-and-treatment-for-women-with-hiv 

⁵ Cancer Research UK. (2023) What is secondary brain cancer?  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/secondary-cancer/secondary-brain-cancer/about 

⁶ National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. (2020). Ear Infections in Children. https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/ear-infections-children